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[[Ununennium]] (119Uue) has not yet been synthesised, so there is no experimental data and a [[standard atomic weight]] cannot be given. Like all [[synthetic element]]s, it would have no [[stable isotope]]s.

== List of isotopes ==
No isotopes of ununennium are known.

==Nucleosynthesis==
===Target-projectile combinations leading to ''Z'' = 119 compound nuclei===
The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles that could be used to form compound nuclei with ''Z'' = 119.<ref>[https://indico.cern.ch/event/200117/contributions/1484176/attachments/298043/416546/Dinitto_TSR_ISOLDE.pdf Isospin dependence in heavy-element synthesis in fusion-evaporation reactions with neutron-rich radioactive ion-beams], A. Yakushev et al.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" ; style="text-align:center;" border = "1" ;
! Target !! Projectile !! CN !! Attempt result
|-
! 208Pb
|87Rb || 295Uue || {{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
! 209Bi
|86Kr || 295Uue || {{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
! 238U
|59Co ||297Uue || {{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
! 237Np
|58Fe||295Uue || {{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
! 244Pu
|55Mn ||299Uue || {{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
! 243Am
|54Cr ||297Uue<ref name=overview>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/superheavy-element-factory-overview-of-obtained-results/ |title=Superheavy Element Factory: overview of obtained results |author= |date=24 August 2023 |website= |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=7 December 2023 }}</ref> || {{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
! 248Cm
|51V ||299Uue || {{maybe|Reaction being attempted}}
|-
! 250Cm
|51V ||301Uue || {{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
! 249Bk
|50Ti ||299Uue || {{No|Failure to date}}
|-
! 249Cf
|45Sc ||294Uue || {{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
! 254Es
|48Ca ||302Uue || {{No|Failure to date}}
|}

===Cold fusion===
Following the claimed synthesis of 293Og in 1999 at the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] from 208Pb and 86Kr, the analogous reactions 209Bi + 86Kr and 208Pb + 87Rb were proposed for the synthesis of element 119 and its then-unknown alpha decay [[decay product|daughters]], elements [[tennessine|117]], [[moscovium|115]], and [[nihonium|113]].{{sfn|Hoffman|Ghiorso|Seaborg |2000|p=431}} The retraction of these results in 2001<ref>{{cite news|url=http://enews.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/118-retraction.html |publisher=Berkeley Lab|author=Public Affairs Department|title=Results of element 118 experiment retracted |date=21 July 2001|access-date=18 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129191344/http://enews.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/118-retraction.html |archive-date=29 January 2008}}</ref> and more recent calculations on the cross sections for "cold" fusion reactions cast doubt on this possibility; for example, a maximum yield of 2 [[barn (unit)|fb]] is predicted for the production of 294Uue in the former reaction.<ref name="RIB">{{cite journal|last=Loveland|first=W.|title=Synthesis of transactinide nuclei using radioactive beams |journal=Physical Review C|volume=76|issue=1|at=014612|year=2007 |bibcode=2007PhRvC..76a4612L |url=http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nchem/menu/RNB.pdf|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.76.014612}}</ref> Radioactive ion beams may provide an alternative method utilizing a [[lead]] or [[bismuth]] target, and may enable the production of more neutron-rich isotopes should they become available at required intensities.<ref name="RIB" />

===Hot fusion===
====243Am(54Cr,''x''n)297−''x''Uue====
There are indications that the team at the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] (JINR) in Russia plans to try this reaction in the future. The product of the 3n channel would be 294Uue; its expected granddaughter 286Mc was synthesised in a preparatory experiment at the JINR in 2021, using the reaction 243Am(48Ca,5n)286Mc.<ref name=overview/>

The team at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in [[Lanzhou]] (HIRFL), which is operated by the [[Institute of Modern Physics]] (IMP) of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]], also plans to try the 243Am+54Cr reaction.<ref>{{cite arXiv|first1=Chang|last1=Geng|first2=Peng-Hui|last2=Chen|first3=Fei|last3=Niu|first4=Zu-Xing|last4=Yang|first5=Xiang-Hua|last5=Zeng|first6=Zhao-Qing|last6=Feng|author-link=|date=23 February 2024|title=Assessing the Impact of Nuclear Mass Models on the Prediction of Synthesis Cross Sections for Superheavy Elements|eprint=2402.15304v1|class=nucl-th}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gan |first1=Z. G. |last2=Huang |first2=W. X. |last3=Zhang |first3=Z. Y. |last4=Zhou |first4=X. H. |last5=Xu |first5=H. S. |date=2022 |title=Results and perspectives for study of heavy and super-heavy nuclei and elements at IMP/CAS |url= |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=58 |issue=158 |pages= |doi=10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00811-w |access-date=}}</ref>

====248Cm(51V,''x''n)299−''x''Uue====
The team at RIKEN in [[Wakō, Saitama|Wakō]], Japan began bombarding [[curium]]-248 targets with a [[vanadium]]-51 beam in January 2018<ref name=sakai22/> to search for element 119. Curium was chosen as a target, rather than heavier [[berkelium]] or [[californium]], as these heavier targets are difficult to prepare.<ref name="sakai">{{cite web |url=http://www0.mi.infn.it/~colo/slides_27_2_19/2019-2_Milano-WS_sakai.pdf |title=Search for a New Element at RIKEN Nishina Center |last=Sakai |first=Hideyuki |date=27 February 2019 |website=infn.it |access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> The reduced asymmetry of the reaction is expected to approximately halve the cross section, requiring a sensitivity "on the order of at least 30 fb".<ref name="search" /> The 248Cm targets were provided by [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]]. RIKEN developed a high-intensity vanadium beam.<ref name=usprogram/> The experiment began at a cyclotron while RIKEN upgraded its linear accelerators; the upgrade was completed in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nishina.riken.jp/about/greeting_e.html|title = Greeting | RIKEN Nishina Center|quote=With the completion of the upgrade of the linear accelerator and BigRIPS at the beginning of 2020, the RNC aims to synthesize new elements from element 119 and beyond.|date=1 April 2020|first=Hiroyoshi|last=Sakurai}}</ref> Bombardment may be continued with both machines until the first event is observed; the experiment is currently running intermittently for at least 100 days per year.<ref name="ball19">{{cite journal |last=Ball |first=P. |title=Extreme chemistry: experiments at the edge of the periodic table |year=2019 |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7741 |pages=552–555 |issn=1476-4687 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00285-9|pmid=30700884 |bibcode=2019Natur.565..552B |s2cid=59524524 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.nature.com/magazine-assets/d41586-019-00285-9/d41586-019-00285-9.pdf |quote="We started the search for element 119 last June," says RIKEN researcher Hideto En'yo. "It will certainly take a long time — years and years — so we will continue the same experiment intermittently for 100 or more days per year, until we or somebody else discovers it."}}</ref><ref name="sakai" /> The RIKEN team's efforts are being financed by the [[Emperor of Japan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eic.rsc.org/feature/the-hunt-is-on/3008580.article |title=The hunt is on |last1=Chapman |first1=Kit |last2=Turner |first2=Kristy |date=13 February 2018 |website=Education in Chemistry |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=28 June 2019 |quote=The hunt for element 113 was almost abandoned because of lack of resources, but this time Japan’s emperor is bankrolling Riken’s efforts to extend the periodic table to its eighth row.}}</ref>

:{{nuclide|curium|248}} + {{nuclide|vanadium|51}} → {{nuclide|ununennium|299}}* → no atoms yet

The produced isotopes of ununennium are expected to undergo two alpha decays to known isotopes of [[moscovium]] (288Mc and 287Mc respectively),<ref name=sakai22>{{cite journal |last1=Sakai |first1=Hideyuki |last2=Haba |first2=Hiromitsu |first3=Kouji |last3=Morimoto |first4=Naruhiko |last4=Sakamoto |date=9 December 2022 |title=Facility upgrade for superheavy-element research at RIKEN |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=58 |issue=238 |page=238 |doi=10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00888-3 |pmid=36533209 |pmc=9734366 |bibcode=2022EPJA...58..238S |s2cid=254530675 |doi-access=free }}</ref> which would anchor them to a known sequence of five further alpha decays and corroborate their production. In 2022, the optimal reaction energy for synthesis of ununennium in this reaction was experimentally estimated as {{val|234.8|1.8|u=MeV}} at RIKEN.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tanaka |first1=Masaomi |last2=Brionnet |first2=Pierre |last3=Du |first3=Miting |last4=Ezold |first4=Julie |last5=Felker |first5=Kevin |last6=Gall |first6=Benoît J. P. |first7=Shintaro |last7=Go |first8=Robert K. |last8=Grzywacz |first9=Hiromitsu |last9=Haba |first10=Kouichi |last10=Hagino |first11=Susan |last11=Hogle |first12=Satoshi |last12=Ishizawa |first13=Daiya |last13=Kaji |first14=Sota |last14=Kimura |first15=Thomas T. |last15=King |first16=Yukiko |last16=Komori |first17=Raiden K. |last17=Lemon |first18=Milan G. |last18=Leonard |first19=Kouji |last19=Morimoto |first20=Kosuke |last20=Morita |first21=Daisuke |last21=Nagae |first22=Natsuki |last22=Naito |first23=Toshitaka |last23=Niwase |first24=Bertis C. |last24=Rasco |first25=James B. |last25=Roberto |first26=Krzysztof P. |last26=Rykaczewski |first27=Satoshi |last27=Sakaguchi |first28=Hideyuki |last28=Sakai |first29=Yudai |last29=Shigekawa |first30=Daniel W. |last30=Stracener |first31=Shelley |last31=VanCleve |first32=Yang |last32=Wang |first33=Kouhei |last33=Washiyama |first34=Takuya |last34=Yokokita |display-authors=3 |year=2022 |title=Probing Optimal Reaction Energy for Synthesis of Element 119 from 51V+248Cm Reaction with Quasielastic Barrier Distribution Measurement |journal=Journal of the Physical Society of Japan |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=042081–1–11 |doi=10.7566/JPSJ.91.084201 |bibcode=2022JPSJ...91h4201T |s2cid=250399446 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The cross section is probably below 10 fb.<ref name=usprogram>{{cite journal |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1896856 |title=The Status and Ambitions of the US Heavy Element Program |first1=J. |last1=Gates |first2=J. |last2=Pore |first3=H. |last3=Crawford |first4=D. |last4=Shaughnessy |first5=M. A. |last5=Stoyer |date=25 October 2022 |website=osti.gov |access-date=13 November 2022 |doi=10.2172/1896856 |osti=1896856 |s2cid=253391052 }}</ref>

As of September 2023, the team at RIKEN had run the 248Cm+51V reaction for 462 days. A report by the RIKEN Nishina Center Advisory Committee noted that this reaction was chosen because of the availability of the target and projectile materials, despite predictions favoring the 249Bk+50Ti reaction, owing to the 50Ti projectile being closer to doubly magic 48Ca and having an even atomic number (22); reactions with even-''Z'' projectiles have generally been shown to have greater cross-sections. The report recommended that if the 5 fb cross-section limit is reached without any events observed, then the team should "evaluate and eventually reconsider the experimental strategy before taking additional beam time."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.riken.jp/medialibrary/riken/about/reports/evaluation/rnc/ncac/ncac2023-report-e.pdf |title=RIKEN Nishina Center Advisory Committee Report |last= |first= |date=7 September 2023 |website=riken.jp |publisher=Riken |access-date=11 April 2024 |quote=}}</ref> As of August 2024, the team at RIKEN was still running this reaction "24/7".<ref name=nelson>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Felicity |date=15 August 2024 |title=How Japan Took the Lead in the Race to Discover Element 119 |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscentsci.4c01266 |journal=ACS Central Science |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1021/acscentsci.4c01266 |access-date=13 September 2024|doi-access=free |pmc=11539895 }}</ref>

====249Bk(50Ti,''x''n)299−''x''Uue====
From April to September 2012, an attempt to synthesize the isotopes 295Uue and 296Uue was made by bombarding a target of [[berkelium]]-249 with [[titanium]]-50 at the [[GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research]] in [[Darmstadt]], Germany.<ref name="economist">[http://www.economist.com/node/21554502 Modern alchemy: Turning a line], [[The Economist]], May 12, 2012.</ref><ref name="Khuyagbaatar">{{Cite journal |last=DÜLLMANN |first=CHRISTOPH E. |title=Superheavy Element Research at Tasca at Gsi |year=2013 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814525435_0029 |journal=Fission and Properties of Neutron-Rich Nuclei |pages=271–277 |publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC |doi=10.1142/9789814525435_0029 |isbn=978-981-4525-42-8 |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> This reaction between 249Bk and 50Ti was predicted to be the most favorable practical reaction for formation of ununennium,<ref name="Khuyagbaatar" /> as it is rather asymmetrical,{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}} though also somewhat cold.<ref name="Yakushev">{{Cite web |title=Superheavy Element Research at TASCA |url=https://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop3/&Yakushev.pdf }}</ref> (The reaction between 254Es and 48Ca would be superior, but preparing milligram quantities of 254Es for a target is difficult.){{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}} Moreover, as berkelium-249 decays to [[californium]]-249 (the next element) with a short half-life of 327 days, this allowed elements 119 and 120 to be searched for simultaneously.<ref name="search">{{cite journal |last1=Khuyagbaatar |first1=J. |last2=Yakushev |first2=A. |last3=Düllmann |first3=Ch. E. |display-authors=etal |year=2020 |title=Search for elements 119 and 120 |url=https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/73027/2/khuyagbaatarym0812.pdf |journal=Physical Review C |volume=102 |issue=6 |at=064602 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.102.064602 |bibcode=2020PhRvC.102f4602K |hdl=1885/289860 |s2cid=229401931 |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> Nevertheless, the necessary change from the "silver bullet" 48Ca to 50Ti divides the expected yield of ununennium by about twenty, as the yield is strongly dependent on the asymmetry of the fusion reaction.{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}} Due to the predicted short half-lives, the GSI team used new "fast" electronics capable of registering decay events within microseconds.<ref name="Khuyagbaatar" />{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}}
:{{nuclide|Bk|249}} + {{nuclide|Ti|50}} → {{nuclide|Uue|299}}* → no atoms
:{{nuclide|Cf|249}} + {{nuclide|Ti|50}} → {{nuclide|Ubn|299}}* → no atoms
Neither element 119 nor element 120 was observed. This implied a limiting cross-section of 65 fb for producing element 119 in these reactions, and 200 fb for element 120.<ref name="Yakushev"/><ref name="search"/> The predicted actual cross section for producing element 119 in this reaction is around 40 fb, which is at the limits of current technology.{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}} (The record lowest cross section of an experimentally successful reaction is 30 fb for the reaction between 209Bi and 70Zn producing [[nihonium]].){{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}} The experiment was originally planned to continue to November 2012,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-win.gsi.de/tasca12/program/contributions/TASCA12_Duellmann.pdf|title=Search for element 119: Christoph E. Düllmann for the ''TASCA E119'' collaboration|access-date=2015-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094201/https://www-win.gsi.de/tasca12/program/contributions/TASCA12_Duellmann.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> but was stopped early to make use of the 249Bk target to confirm the synthesis of [[tennessine]] (thus changing the projectiles to 48Ca).<ref name="Yakushev" />

The team at the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] in [[Dubna]], Russia, planned to attempt this reaction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/scientists-will-begin-experiments-on-the-synthesis-of-element-119-in-2019/ |title=Scientists will begin experiments on the synthesis of element 119 in 2019 |author= |date=28 September 2016 |website=jinr.ru |publisher=JINR |access-date=31 March 2017 |quote=“The discovery of elements 115, 117 and 118 is an accomplished fact; they were placed in the periodic table, though still unnamed and will be confirmed only at the end of the year. The D.I.Mendeleev Periodic Table is not infinite. In 2019, scientists will begin the synthesis of elements 119 and 120 which are the first in the 8th period,” said S.N. Dmitriev.}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |url=http://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/pdf/2016/26/epjconf-NS160-08001.pdf |title=Status and perspectives of the Dubna superheavy element factory |last1=Dmitriev |first1=Sergey |last2=Itkis |first2=Mikhail |last3=Oganessian |first3=Yuri |year=2016 |conference=Nobel Symposium NS160 – Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements |doi=10.1051/epjconf/201613108001|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Oganessian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/what-it-takes-to-make-a-new-element/1017677.article |title=What it takes to make a new element|newspaper=Chemistry World|access-date=2016-12-03}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=http://cyclotron.tamu.edu/she2015/assets/pdfs/presentations/Roberto_SHE_2015_TAMU.pdf |title=Actinide Targets for Super-Heavy Element Research |last=Roberto |first=J. B. |date=31 March 2015 |website=cyclotron.tamu.edu |publisher=Texas A & M University |access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGVkkVMgvOg | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/kGVkkVMgvOg| archive-date=2021-11-18 | url-status=live|title=The Discovery of Element 113 |last=Morita |first=Kōsuke |date=5 February 2016 |via=YouTube |access-date=28 April 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Morimoto2016">{{cite conference |title=The discovery of element 113 at RIKEN |last=Morimoto |first=Kouji |year=2016 |conference=26th International Nuclear Physics Conference |url=http://www.physics.adelaide.edu.au/cssm/workshops/inpc2016/talks/Morimoto_Mon_HallL_0930.pdf |access-date=14 May 2017}}</ref>

====254Es(48Ca,''x''n)302−''x''Uue====
The synthesis of ununennium was first attempted in 1985 by bombarding a sub-microgram target of einsteinium-254 with [[calcium-48]] ions at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley, California:
:{{nuclide|Es|254}} + {{nuclide|Ca|48}} → {{nuclide|Uue|302}}* → no atoms
No atoms were identified, leading to a limiting [[cross section (physics)|cross section]] of 300 [[barn (unit)|nb]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lougheed |first1=R. |last2=Landrum |first2=J. |last3=Hulet |first3=E. |last4=Wild |first4=J. |last5=Dougan |first5=R. |last6=Dougan |first6=A. |last7=Gäggeler |first7=H. |last8=Schädel |first8=M. |last9=Moody |first9=K. |display-authors=3 |date=3 June 1985 |title=Search for superheavy elements using the 48Ca + 254Esg reaction |url=https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760 |journal=Physical Review C |publication-date=1 November 1985 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=1760–1763 |bibcode=1985PhRvC..32.1760L |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760 |pmid=9953034 |url-access=registration |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> Later calculations suggest that the cross section of the 3n reaction (which would result in 299Uue and three neutrons as products) would actually be six hundred thousand times lower than this upper bound, at 0.5 pb.<ref>{{cite journal|arxiv=0803.1117 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2008.11.003 |title=Production of heavy and superheavy nuclei in massive fusion reactions|year=2009|journal=Nuclear Physics A |volume=816|issue=1|page=33|last1=Feng|first1=Z.|last2=Jin|first2=G. |last3=Li|first3=J. |last4=Scheid|first4=W. |bibcode=2009NuPhA.816...33F|s2cid=18647291}}</ref> Tens of milligrams of einsteinium, an amount that cannot presently be produced, would be needed for this reaction to have a reasonable chance of succeeding.<ref name=usprogram/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Hoffman |first1=D. C. |author-link=Darleane C. Hoffman |last2=Ghiorso |first2=A. |author-link2=Albert Ghiorso |last3=Seaborg |first3=G. T. |title=The Transuranium People: The Inside Story |year=2000 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=978-1-78-326244-1}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Zagrebaev|first1=V.|last2=Karpov|first2=A.|last3=Greiner|first3=W.|year=2013 |title=Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years? |journal=[[Journal of Physics: Conference Series]]|volume=420|issue=1 |at=012001|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001|arxiv=1207.5700|bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2001Z|s2cid=55434734 |issn=1742-6588 |url=http://nrv.jinr.ru/pdf_file/J_phys_2013.pdf}}

{{Navbox element isotopes}}

[[Category:Isotopes of ununennium| ]]
[[Category:Ununennium]]
[[Category:Lists of isotopes by element|ununennium]]

Isotopes of ununennium - Revision history

>OAbot: Open access bot: pmc updated in citation with #oabot.