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	<title>Module:ConvertNumeric - Revision history</title>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://the-democratika.com/wiki/index.php?title=Module:ConvertNumeric&amp;diff=5968&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>&gt;Johnuniq: please don&#039;t use tricky syntax: stick to boring stuff that works</title>
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		<updated>2023-02-09T01:04:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;please don&amp;#039;t use tricky syntax: stick to boring stuff that works&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;-- Module for converting between different representations of numbers. See talk page for user documentation.&lt;br /&gt;
-- For unit tests see: [[Module:ConvertNumeric/testcases]]&lt;br /&gt;
-- When editing, preview with: [[Module_talk:ConvertNumeric/testcases]]&lt;br /&gt;
-- First, edit [[Module:ConvertNumeric/sandbox]], then preview with [[Module_talk:ConvertNumeric/sandbox/testcases]]&lt;br /&gt;
require(&amp;#039;strict&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
local ones_position = {&lt;br /&gt;
	[0] = &amp;#039;zero&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[1] = &amp;#039;one&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[2] = &amp;#039;two&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[3] = &amp;#039;three&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[4] = &amp;#039;four&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[5] = &amp;#039;five&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[6] = &amp;#039;six&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[7] = &amp;#039;seven&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[8] = &amp;#039;eight&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[9] = &amp;#039;nine&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[10] = &amp;#039;ten&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[11] = &amp;#039;eleven&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[12] = &amp;#039;twelve&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[13] = &amp;#039;thirteen&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[14] = &amp;#039;fourteen&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[15] = &amp;#039;fifteen&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[16] = &amp;#039;sixteen&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[17] = &amp;#039;seventeen&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[18] = &amp;#039;eighteen&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[19] = &amp;#039;nineteen&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
local ones_position_ord = {&lt;br /&gt;
	[0] = &amp;#039;zeroth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[1] = &amp;#039;first&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[2] = &amp;#039;second&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[3] = &amp;#039;third&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[4] = &amp;#039;fourth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[5] = &amp;#039;fifth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[6] = &amp;#039;sixth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[7] = &amp;#039;seventh&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[8] = &amp;#039;eighth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[9] = &amp;#039;ninth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[10] = &amp;#039;tenth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[11] = &amp;#039;eleventh&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[12] = &amp;#039;twelfth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[13] = &amp;#039;thirteenth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[14] = &amp;#039;fourteenth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[15] = &amp;#039;fifteenth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[16] = &amp;#039;sixteenth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[17] = &amp;#039;seventeenth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[18] = &amp;#039;eighteenth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[19] = &amp;#039;nineteenth&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
local ones_position_plural = {&lt;br /&gt;
	[0] = &amp;#039;zeros&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[1] = &amp;#039;ones&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[2] = &amp;#039;twos&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[3] = &amp;#039;threes&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[4] = &amp;#039;fours&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[5] = &amp;#039;fives&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[6] = &amp;#039;sixes&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[7] = &amp;#039;sevens&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[8] = &amp;#039;eights&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[9] = &amp;#039;nines&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[10] = &amp;#039;tens&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[11] = &amp;#039;elevens&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[12] = &amp;#039;twelves&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[13] = &amp;#039;thirteens&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[14] = &amp;#039;fourteens&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[15] = &amp;#039;fifteens&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[16] = &amp;#039;sixteens&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[17] = &amp;#039;seventeens&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[18] = &amp;#039;eighteens&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[19] = &amp;#039;nineteens&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
local tens_position = {&lt;br /&gt;
	[2] = &amp;#039;twenty&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[3] = &amp;#039;thirty&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[4] = &amp;#039;forty&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[5] = &amp;#039;fifty&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[6] = &amp;#039;sixty&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[7] = &amp;#039;seventy&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[8] = &amp;#039;eighty&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[9] = &amp;#039;ninety&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
local tens_position_ord = {&lt;br /&gt;
	[2] = &amp;#039;twentieth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[3] = &amp;#039;thirtieth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[4] = &amp;#039;fortieth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[5] = &amp;#039;fiftieth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[6] = &amp;#039;sixtieth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[7] = &amp;#039;seventieth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[8] = &amp;#039;eightieth&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[9] = &amp;#039;ninetieth&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
local tens_position_plural = {&lt;br /&gt;
	[2] = &amp;#039;twenties&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[3] = &amp;#039;thirties&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[4] = &amp;#039;forties&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[5] = &amp;#039;fifties&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[6] = &amp;#039;sixties&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[7] = &amp;#039;seventies&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[8] = &amp;#039;eighties&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[9] = &amp;#039;nineties&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
local groups = {&lt;br /&gt;
	[1] = &amp;#039;thousand&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[2] = &amp;#039;million&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[3] = &amp;#039;billion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[4] = &amp;#039;trillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[5] = &amp;#039;quadrillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[6] = &amp;#039;quintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[7] = &amp;#039;sextillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[8] = &amp;#039;septillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[9] = &amp;#039;octillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[10] = &amp;#039;nonillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[11] = &amp;#039;decillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[12] = &amp;#039;undecillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[13] = &amp;#039;duodecillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[14] = &amp;#039;tredecillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[15] = &amp;#039;quattuordecillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[16] = &amp;#039;quindecillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[17] = &amp;#039;sexdecillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[18] = &amp;#039;septendecillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[19] = &amp;#039;octodecillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[20] = &amp;#039;novemdecillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[21] = &amp;#039;vigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[22] = &amp;#039;unvigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[23] = &amp;#039;duovigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[24] = &amp;#039;tresvigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[25] = &amp;#039;quattuorvigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[26] = &amp;#039;quinquavigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[27] = &amp;#039;sesvigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[28] = &amp;#039;septemvigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[29] = &amp;#039;octovigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[30] = &amp;#039;novemvigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[31] = &amp;#039;trigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[32] = &amp;#039;untrigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[33] = &amp;#039;duotrigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[34] = &amp;#039;trestrigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[35] = &amp;#039;quattuortrigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[36] = &amp;#039;quinquatrigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[37] = &amp;#039;sestrigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[38] = &amp;#039;septentrigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[39] = &amp;#039;octotrigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[40] = &amp;#039;noventrigintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[41] = &amp;#039;quadragintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[51] = &amp;#039;quinquagintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[61] = &amp;#039;sexagintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[71] = &amp;#039;septuagintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[81] = &amp;#039;octogintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[91] = &amp;#039;nonagintillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[101] = &amp;#039;centillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[102] = &amp;#039;uncentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[103] = &amp;#039;duocentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[104] = &amp;#039;trescentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[111] = &amp;#039;decicentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[112] = &amp;#039;undecicentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[121] = &amp;#039;viginticentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[122] = &amp;#039;unviginticentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[131] = &amp;#039;trigintacentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[141] = &amp;#039;quadragintacentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[151] = &amp;#039;quinquagintacentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[161] = &amp;#039;sexagintacentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[171] = &amp;#039;septuagintacentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[181] = &amp;#039;octogintacentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[191] = &amp;#039;nonagintacentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[201] = &amp;#039;ducentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[301] = &amp;#039;trecentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[401] = &amp;#039;quadringentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[501] = &amp;#039;quingentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[601] = &amp;#039;sescentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[701] = &amp;#039;septingentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[801] = &amp;#039;octingentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[901] = &amp;#039;nongentillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
	[1001] = &amp;#039;millinillion&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
local roman_numerals = {&lt;br /&gt;
	I = 1,&lt;br /&gt;
	V = 5,&lt;br /&gt;
	X = 10,&lt;br /&gt;
	L = 50,&lt;br /&gt;
	C = 100,&lt;br /&gt;
	D = 500,&lt;br /&gt;
	M = 1000&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
local engord_tens_end  = {&lt;br /&gt;
	[&amp;#039;twentieth&amp;#039;]	= 20,&lt;br /&gt;
	[&amp;#039;thirtieth&amp;#039;]	= 30,&lt;br /&gt;
	[&amp;#039;fortieth&amp;#039;]	= 40,&lt;br /&gt;
	[&amp;#039;fiftieth&amp;#039;]	= 50,&lt;br /&gt;
	[&amp;#039;sixtieth&amp;#039;]	= 60,&lt;br /&gt;
	[&amp;#039;seventieth&amp;#039;]	= 70,&lt;br /&gt;
	[&amp;#039;eightieth&amp;#039;]	= 80,&lt;br /&gt;
	[&amp;#039;ninetieth&amp;#039;]	= 90,&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
local eng_tens_cont = {&lt;br /&gt;
	[&amp;#039;twenty&amp;#039;]	= 20,&lt;br /&gt;
	[&amp;#039;thirty&amp;#039;]	= 30,&lt;br /&gt;
	[&amp;#039;forty&amp;#039;]	= 40,&lt;br /&gt;
	[&amp;#039;fifty&amp;#039;]	= 50,&lt;br /&gt;
	[&amp;#039;sixty&amp;#039;]	= 60,&lt;br /&gt;
	[&amp;#039;seventy&amp;#039;]	= 70,&lt;br /&gt;
	[&amp;#039;eighty&amp;#039;]	= 80,&lt;br /&gt;
	[&amp;#039;ninety&amp;#039;]	= 90,&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- Converts a given valid roman numeral (and some invalid roman numerals) to a number. Returns { -1, errorstring } on error.&lt;br /&gt;
local function roman_to_numeral(roman)&lt;br /&gt;
	if type(roman) ~= &amp;quot;string&amp;quot; then return -1, &amp;quot;roman numeral not a string&amp;quot; end&lt;br /&gt;
	local rev = roman:reverse()&lt;br /&gt;
	local raising = true&lt;br /&gt;
	local last = 0&lt;br /&gt;
	local result = 0&lt;br /&gt;
	for i = 1, #rev do&lt;br /&gt;
		local c = rev:sub(i, i)&lt;br /&gt;
		local next = roman_numerals[c]&lt;br /&gt;
		if next == nil then return -1, &amp;quot;roman numeral contains illegal character &amp;quot; .. c end&lt;br /&gt;
		if next &amp;gt; last then&lt;br /&gt;
			result = result + next&lt;br /&gt;
			raising = true&lt;br /&gt;
		elseif next &amp;lt; last then&lt;br /&gt;
			result = result - next&lt;br /&gt;
			raising = false&lt;br /&gt;
		elseif raising then&lt;br /&gt;
			result = result + next&lt;br /&gt;
		else&lt;br /&gt;
			result = result - next&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
		last = next&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
	return result&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- Converts a given integer between 0 and 100 to English text (e.g. 47 -&amp;gt; forty-seven).&lt;br /&gt;
local function numeral_to_english_less_100(num, ordinal, plural, zero)&lt;br /&gt;
	local terminal_ones, terminal_tens&lt;br /&gt;
	if ordinal then&lt;br /&gt;
		terminal_ones = ones_position_ord&lt;br /&gt;
		terminal_tens = tens_position_ord&lt;br /&gt;
	elseif plural then&lt;br /&gt;
		terminal_ones = ones_position_plural&lt;br /&gt;
		terminal_tens = tens_position_plural&lt;br /&gt;
	else&lt;br /&gt;
		terminal_ones = ones_position&lt;br /&gt;
		terminal_tens = tens_position&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	if num == 0 and zero ~= nil then&lt;br /&gt;
		return zero&lt;br /&gt;
	elseif num &amp;lt; 20 then&lt;br /&gt;
		return terminal_ones[num]&lt;br /&gt;
	elseif num % 10 == 0 then&lt;br /&gt;
		return terminal_tens[num / 10]&lt;br /&gt;
	else&lt;br /&gt;
		return tens_position[math.floor(num / 10)] .. &amp;#039;-&amp;#039; .. terminal_ones[num % 10]&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
local function standard_suffix(ordinal, plural)&lt;br /&gt;
	if ordinal then return &amp;#039;th&amp;#039; end&lt;br /&gt;
	if plural then return &amp;#039;s&amp;#039; end&lt;br /&gt;
	return &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- Converts a given integer (in string form) between 0 and 1000 to English text (e.g. 47 -&amp;gt; forty-seven).&lt;br /&gt;
local function numeral_to_english_less_1000(num, use_and, ordinal, plural, zero)&lt;br /&gt;
	num = tonumber(num)&lt;br /&gt;
	if num &amp;lt; 100 then&lt;br /&gt;
		return numeral_to_english_less_100(num, ordinal, plural, zero)&lt;br /&gt;
	elseif num % 100 == 0 then&lt;br /&gt;
		return ones_position[num/100] .. &amp;#039; hundred&amp;#039; .. standard_suffix(ordinal, plural)&lt;br /&gt;
	else&lt;br /&gt;
		return ones_position[math.floor(num/100)] .. &amp;#039; hundred &amp;#039; .. (use_and and &amp;#039;and &amp;#039; or &amp;#039;&amp;#039;) .. numeral_to_english_less_100(num % 100, ordinal, plural, zero)&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- Converts an ordinal in English text from &amp;#039;zeroth&amp;#039; to &amp;#039;ninety-ninth&amp;#039; inclusive to a number [0–99], else -1.&lt;br /&gt;
local function english_to_ordinal(english)&lt;br /&gt;
	local eng = string.lower(english or &amp;#039;&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	local engord_lt20 = {} -- ones_position_ord{} keys &amp;amp; values swapped&lt;br /&gt;
	for k, v in pairs( ones_position_ord ) do&lt;br /&gt;
		engord_lt20[v] = k&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	if engord_lt20[eng] then&lt;br /&gt;
		return engord_lt20[eng] -- e.g. first -&amp;gt; 1&lt;br /&gt;
	elseif engord_tens_end[eng] then&lt;br /&gt;
		return engord_tens_end[eng] -- e.g. ninetieth -&amp;gt; 90&lt;br /&gt;
	else&lt;br /&gt;
		local tens, ones = string.match(eng, &amp;#039;^([a-z]+)[%s%-]+([a-z]+)$&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
		if tens and ones then&lt;br /&gt;
			local tens_cont = eng_tens_cont[tens]&lt;br /&gt;
			local ones_end  = engord_lt20[ones]&lt;br /&gt;
			if tens_cont and ones_end then&lt;br /&gt;
				return tens_cont + ones_end -- e.g. ninety-ninth -&amp;gt; 99&lt;br /&gt;
			end&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
	return -1 -- Failed&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- Converts a number in English text from &amp;#039;zero&amp;#039; to &amp;#039;ninety-nine&amp;#039; inclusive to a number [0–99], else -1.&lt;br /&gt;
local function english_to_numeral(english)&lt;br /&gt;
	local eng = string.lower(english or &amp;#039;&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	local eng_lt20 = { [&amp;#039;single&amp;#039;] = 1 } -- ones_position{} keys &amp;amp; values swapped&lt;br /&gt;
	for k, v in pairs( ones_position ) do&lt;br /&gt;
		eng_lt20[v] = k&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	if eng_lt20[eng] then&lt;br /&gt;
		return eng_lt20[eng] -- e.g. one -&amp;gt; 1&lt;br /&gt;
	elseif eng_tens_cont[eng] then&lt;br /&gt;
		return eng_tens_cont[eng] -- e.g. ninety -&amp;gt; 90&lt;br /&gt;
	else&lt;br /&gt;
		local tens, ones = string.match(eng, &amp;#039;^([a-z]+)[%s%-]+([a-z]+)$&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
		if tens and ones then&lt;br /&gt;
			local tens_cont = eng_tens_cont[tens]&lt;br /&gt;
			local ones_end  = eng_lt20[ones]&lt;br /&gt;
			if tens_cont and ones_end then&lt;br /&gt;
				return tens_cont + ones_end -- e.g. ninety-nine -&amp;gt; 99&lt;br /&gt;
			end&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
	return -1 -- Failed&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- Converts a number expressed as a string in scientific notation to a string in standard decimal notation&lt;br /&gt;
-- e.g. 1.23E5 -&amp;gt; 123000, 1.23E-5 = .0000123. Conversion is exact, no rounding is performed.&lt;br /&gt;
local function scientific_notation_to_decimal(num)&lt;br /&gt;
	local exponent, subs = num:gsub(&amp;quot;^%-?%d*%.?%d*%-?[Ee]([+%-]?%d+)$&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;%1&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
	if subs == 0 then return num end  -- Input not in scientific notation, just return unmodified&lt;br /&gt;
	exponent = tonumber(exponent)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	local negative = num:find(&amp;quot;^%-&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
	local _, decimal_pos = num:find(&amp;quot;%.&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
	-- Mantissa will consist of all decimal digits with no decimal point&lt;br /&gt;
	local mantissa = num:gsub(&amp;quot;^%-?(%d*)%.?(%d*)%-?[Ee][+%-]?%d+$&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;%1%2&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
	if negative and decimal_pos then decimal_pos = decimal_pos - 1 end&lt;br /&gt;
	if not decimal_pos then decimal_pos = #mantissa + 1 end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	-- Remove leading zeros unless decimal point is in first position&lt;br /&gt;
	while decimal_pos &amp;gt; 1 and mantissa:sub(1,1) == &amp;#039;0&amp;#039; do&lt;br /&gt;
		mantissa = mantissa:sub(2)&lt;br /&gt;
		decimal_pos = decimal_pos - 1&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
	-- Shift decimal point right for exponent &amp;gt; 0&lt;br /&gt;
	while exponent &amp;gt; 0 do&lt;br /&gt;
		decimal_pos = decimal_pos + 1&lt;br /&gt;
		exponent = exponent - 1&lt;br /&gt;
		if decimal_pos &amp;gt; #mantissa + 1 then mantissa = mantissa .. &amp;#039;0&amp;#039; end&lt;br /&gt;
		-- Remove leading zeros unless decimal point is in first position&lt;br /&gt;
		while decimal_pos &amp;gt; 1 and mantissa:sub(1,1) == &amp;#039;0&amp;#039; do&lt;br /&gt;
			mantissa = mantissa:sub(2)&lt;br /&gt;
			decimal_pos = decimal_pos - 1&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
	-- Shift decimal point left for exponent &amp;lt; 0&lt;br /&gt;
	while exponent &amp;lt; 0 do&lt;br /&gt;
		if decimal_pos == 1 then&lt;br /&gt;
			mantissa = &amp;#039;0&amp;#039; .. mantissa&lt;br /&gt;
		else&lt;br /&gt;
			decimal_pos = decimal_pos - 1&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
		exponent = exponent + 1&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	-- Insert decimal point in correct position and return&lt;br /&gt;
	return (negative and &amp;#039;-&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;&amp;#039;) .. mantissa:sub(1, decimal_pos - 1) .. &amp;#039;.&amp;#039; .. mantissa:sub(decimal_pos)&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- Rounds a number to the nearest integer (NOT USED)&lt;br /&gt;
local function round_num(x)&lt;br /&gt;
	if x%1 &amp;gt;= 0.5 then&lt;br /&gt;
		return math.ceil(x)&lt;br /&gt;
	else&lt;br /&gt;
		return math.floor(x)&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- Rounds a number to the nearest two-word number (round = up, down, or &amp;quot;on&amp;quot; for round to nearest).&lt;br /&gt;
-- Numbers with two digits before the decimal will be rounded to an integer as specified by round.&lt;br /&gt;
-- Larger numbers will be rounded to a number with only one nonzero digit in front and all other digits zero.&lt;br /&gt;
-- Negative sign is preserved and does not count towards word limit.&lt;br /&gt;
local function round_for_english(num, round)&lt;br /&gt;
	-- If an integer with at most two digits, just return&lt;br /&gt;
	if num:find(&amp;quot;^%-?%d?%d%.?$&amp;quot;) then return num end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	local negative = num:find(&amp;quot;^%-&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
	if negative then&lt;br /&gt;
		-- We&amp;#039;re rounding magnitude so flip it&lt;br /&gt;
		if round == &amp;#039;up&amp;#039; then round = &amp;#039;down&amp;#039; elseif round == &amp;#039;down&amp;#039; then round = &amp;#039;up&amp;#039; end&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	-- If at most two digits before decimal, round to integer and return&lt;br /&gt;
	local _, _, small_int, trailing_digits, round_digit = num:find(&amp;quot;^%-?(%d?%d?)%.((%d)%d*)$&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
	if small_int then&lt;br /&gt;
		if small_int == &amp;#039;&amp;#039; then small_int = &amp;#039;0&amp;#039; end&lt;br /&gt;
		if (round == &amp;#039;up&amp;#039; and trailing_digits:find(&amp;#039;[1-9]&amp;#039;)) or (round == &amp;#039;on&amp;#039; and tonumber(round_digit) &amp;gt;= 5) then&lt;br /&gt;
			small_int = tostring(tonumber(small_int) + 1)&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
		return (negative and &amp;#039;-&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;&amp;#039;) .. small_int&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	-- When rounding up, any number with &amp;gt; 1 nonzero digit will round up (e.g. 1000000.001 rounds up to 2000000)&lt;br /&gt;
	local nonzero_digits = 0&lt;br /&gt;
	for digit in num:gfind(&amp;quot;[1-9]&amp;quot;) do&lt;br /&gt;
		nonzero_digits = nonzero_digits + 1&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	num = num:gsub(&amp;quot;%.%d*$&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;&amp;quot;) -- Remove decimal part&lt;br /&gt;
	-- Second digit used to determine which way to round lead digit&lt;br /&gt;
	local _, _, lead_digit, round_digit, round_digit_2, rest = num:find(&amp;quot;^%-?(%d)(%d)(%d)(%d*)$&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
	if tonumber(lead_digit .. round_digit) &amp;lt; 20 and (1 + #rest) % 3 == 0 then&lt;br /&gt;
		-- In English numbers &amp;lt; 20 are one word so put 2 digits in lead and round based on 3rd&lt;br /&gt;
		lead_digit = lead_digit .. round_digit&lt;br /&gt;
		round_digit = round_digit_2&lt;br /&gt;
	else&lt;br /&gt;
		rest = round_digit_2 .. rest&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	if (round == &amp;#039;up&amp;#039; and nonzero_digits &amp;gt; 1) or (round == &amp;#039;on&amp;#039; and tonumber(round_digit) &amp;gt;= 5) then&lt;br /&gt;
		lead_digit = tostring(tonumber(lead_digit) + 1)&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
	-- All digits but lead digit will turn to zero&lt;br /&gt;
	rest = rest:gsub(&amp;quot;%d&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;0&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
	return (negative and &amp;#039;-&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;&amp;#039;) .. lead_digit .. &amp;#039;0&amp;#039; .. rest&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
local denominators = {&lt;br /&gt;
	[2] = { &amp;#039;half&amp;#039;, plural = &amp;#039;halves&amp;#039; },&lt;br /&gt;
	[3] = { &amp;#039;third&amp;#039; },&lt;br /&gt;
	[4] = { &amp;#039;quarter&amp;#039;, us = &amp;#039;fourth&amp;#039; },&lt;br /&gt;
	[5] = { &amp;#039;fifth&amp;#039; },&lt;br /&gt;
	[6] = { &amp;#039;sixth&amp;#039; },&lt;br /&gt;
	[8] = { &amp;#039;eighth&amp;#039; },&lt;br /&gt;
	[9] = { &amp;#039;ninth&amp;#039; },&lt;br /&gt;
	[10] = { &amp;#039;tenth&amp;#039; },&lt;br /&gt;
	[16] = { &amp;#039;sixteenth&amp;#039; },&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- Return status, fraction where:&lt;br /&gt;
-- status is a string:&lt;br /&gt;
--     &amp;quot;finished&amp;quot; if there is a fraction with no whole number;&lt;br /&gt;
--     &amp;quot;ok&amp;quot; if fraction is empty or valid;&lt;br /&gt;
--     &amp;quot;unsupported&amp;quot; if bad fraction;&lt;br /&gt;
-- fraction is a string giving (numerator / denominator) as English text, or is &amp;quot;&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
-- Only unsigned fractions with a very limited range of values are supported,&lt;br /&gt;
-- except that if whole is empty, the numerator can use &amp;quot;-&amp;quot; to indicate negative.&lt;br /&gt;
-- whole (string or nil): nil or &amp;quot;&amp;quot; if no number before the fraction&lt;br /&gt;
-- numerator (string or nil): numerator, if any (default = 1 if a denominator is given)&lt;br /&gt;
-- denominator (string or nil): denominator, if any&lt;br /&gt;
-- sp_us (boolean): true if sp=us&lt;br /&gt;
-- negative_word (string): word to use for negative sign, if whole is empty&lt;br /&gt;
-- use_one (boolean): false: 2+1/2 → &amp;quot;two and a half&amp;quot;; true: &amp;quot;two and one-half&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
local function fraction_to_english(whole, numerator, denominator, sp_us, negative_word, use_one)&lt;br /&gt;
	if numerator or denominator then&lt;br /&gt;
		local finished = (whole == nil or whole == &amp;#039;&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
		local sign = &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
		if numerator then&lt;br /&gt;
			if finished and numerator:sub(1, 1) == &amp;#039;-&amp;#039; then&lt;br /&gt;
				numerator = numerator:sub(2)&lt;br /&gt;
				sign = negative_word .. &amp;#039; &amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
			end&lt;br /&gt;
		else&lt;br /&gt;
			numerator = &amp;#039;1&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
		if not numerator:match(&amp;#039;^%d+$&amp;#039;) or not denominator or not denominator:match(&amp;#039;^%d+$&amp;#039;) then&lt;br /&gt;
			return &amp;#039;unsupported&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
		numerator = tonumber(numerator)&lt;br /&gt;
		denominator = tonumber(denominator)&lt;br /&gt;
		local dendata = denominators[denominator]&lt;br /&gt;
		if not (dendata and 1 &amp;lt;= numerator and numerator &amp;lt;= 99) then&lt;br /&gt;
			return &amp;#039;unsupported&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
		local numstr, denstr&lt;br /&gt;
		local sep = &amp;#039;-&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
		if numerator == 1 then&lt;br /&gt;
			denstr = sp_us and dendata.us or dendata[1]&lt;br /&gt;
			if finished or use_one then&lt;br /&gt;
				numstr = &amp;#039;one&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
			elseif denstr:match(&amp;#039;^[aeiou]&amp;#039;) then&lt;br /&gt;
				numstr = &amp;#039;an&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
				sep = &amp;#039; &amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
			else&lt;br /&gt;
				numstr = &amp;#039;a&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
				sep = &amp;#039; &amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
			end&lt;br /&gt;
		else&lt;br /&gt;
			numstr = numeral_to_english_less_100(numerator)&lt;br /&gt;
			denstr = dendata.plural&lt;br /&gt;
			if not denstr then&lt;br /&gt;
				denstr = (sp_us and dendata.us or dendata[1]) .. &amp;#039;s&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
			end&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
		if finished then&lt;br /&gt;
			return &amp;#039;finished&amp;#039;, sign .. numstr .. sep .. denstr&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
		return &amp;#039;ok&amp;#039;, &amp;#039; and &amp;#039; .. numstr .. sep .. denstr&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
	return &amp;#039;ok&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- Takes a decimal number and converts it to English text.&lt;br /&gt;
-- Return nil if a fraction cannot be converted (only some numbers are supported for fractions).&lt;br /&gt;
-- num (string or nil): the number to convert.&lt;br /&gt;
--      Can be an arbitrarily large decimal, such as &amp;quot;-123456789123456789.345&amp;quot;, and&lt;br /&gt;
--      can use scientific notation (e.g. &amp;quot;1.23E5&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
--      May fail for very large numbers not listed in &amp;quot;groups&amp;quot; such as &amp;quot;1E4000&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
--      num is nil if there is no whole number before a fraction.&lt;br /&gt;
-- numerator (string or nil): numerator of fraction (nil if no fraction)&lt;br /&gt;
-- denominator (string or nil): denominator of fraction (nil if no fraction)&lt;br /&gt;
-- capitalize (boolean): whether to capitalize the result (e.g. &amp;#039;One&amp;#039; instead of &amp;#039;one&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
-- use_and (boolean): whether to use the word &amp;#039;and&amp;#039; between tens/ones place and higher places&lt;br /&gt;
-- hyphenate (boolean): whether to hyphenate all words in the result, useful as an adjective&lt;br /&gt;
-- ordinal (boolean): whether to produce an ordinal (e.g. &amp;#039;first&amp;#039; instead of &amp;#039;one&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
-- plural (boolean): whether to pluralize the resulting number&lt;br /&gt;
-- links: nil: do not add any links; &amp;#039;on&amp;#039;: link &amp;quot;billion&amp;quot; and larger to Orders of magnitude article;&lt;br /&gt;
--        any other text: list of numbers to link (e.g. &amp;quot;billion,quadrillion&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
-- negative_word: word to use for negative sign (typically &amp;#039;negative&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;minus&amp;#039;; nil to use default)&lt;br /&gt;
-- round: nil or &amp;#039;&amp;#039;: no rounding; &amp;#039;on&amp;#039;: round to nearest two-word number; &amp;#039;up&amp;#039;/&amp;#039;down&amp;#039;: round up/down to two-word number&lt;br /&gt;
-- zero: word to use for value &amp;#039;0&amp;#039; (nil to use default)&lt;br /&gt;
-- use_one (boolean): false: 2+1/2 → &amp;quot;two and a half&amp;quot;; true: &amp;quot;two and one-half&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
local function _numeral_to_english(num, numerator, denominator, capitalize, use_and, hyphenate, ordinal, plural, links, negative_word, round, zero, use_one)&lt;br /&gt;
	if not negative_word then&lt;br /&gt;
		if use_and then&lt;br /&gt;
			-- TODO Should &amp;#039;minus&amp;#039; be used when do not have sp=us?&lt;br /&gt;
			--      If so, need to update testcases, and need to fix &amp;quot;minus zero&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
			-- negative_word = &amp;#039;minus&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
			negative_word = &amp;#039;negative&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
		else&lt;br /&gt;
			negative_word = &amp;#039;negative&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
	local status, fraction_text = fraction_to_english(num, numerator, denominator, not use_and, negative_word, use_one)&lt;br /&gt;
	if status == &amp;#039;unsupported&amp;#039; then&lt;br /&gt;
		return nil&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
	if status == &amp;#039;finished&amp;#039; then&lt;br /&gt;
		-- Input is a fraction with no whole number.&lt;br /&gt;
		-- Hack to avoid executing stuff that depends on num being a number.&lt;br /&gt;
		local s = fraction_text&lt;br /&gt;
		if hyphenate then s = s:gsub(&amp;quot;%s&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;-&amp;quot;) end&lt;br /&gt;
		if capitalize then s = s:gsub(&amp;quot;^%l&amp;quot;, string.upper) end&lt;br /&gt;
		return s&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
	num = scientific_notation_to_decimal(num)&lt;br /&gt;
	if round and round ~= &amp;#039;&amp;#039; then&lt;br /&gt;
		if round ~= &amp;#039;on&amp;#039; and round ~= &amp;#039;up&amp;#039; and round ~= &amp;#039;down&amp;#039; then&lt;br /&gt;
			error(&amp;quot;Invalid rounding mode&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
		num = round_for_english(num, round)&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	-- Separate into negative sign, num (digits before decimal), decimal_places (digits after decimal)&lt;br /&gt;
	local MINUS = &amp;#039;−&amp;#039;  -- Unicode U+2212 MINUS SIGN (may be in values from [[Module:Convert]])&lt;br /&gt;
	if num:sub(1, #MINUS) == MINUS then&lt;br /&gt;
		num = &amp;#039;-&amp;#039; .. num:sub(#MINUS + 1)  -- replace MINUS with &amp;#039;-&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
	elseif num:sub(1, 1) == &amp;#039;+&amp;#039; then&lt;br /&gt;
		num = num:sub(2)  -- ignore any &amp;#039;+&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
	local negative = num:find(&amp;quot;^%-&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
	local decimal_places, subs = num:gsub(&amp;quot;^%-?%d*%.(%d+)$&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;%1&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
	if subs == 0 then decimal_places = nil end&lt;br /&gt;
	num, subs = num:gsub(&amp;quot;^%-?(%d*)%.?%d*$&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;%1&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
	if num == &amp;#039;&amp;#039; and decimal_places then num = &amp;#039;0&amp;#039; end&lt;br /&gt;
	if subs == 0 or num == &amp;#039;&amp;#039; then error(&amp;quot;Invalid decimal numeral&amp;quot;) end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	-- For each group of 3 digits except the last one, print with appropriate group name (e.g. million)&lt;br /&gt;
	local s = &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
	while #num &amp;gt; 3 do&lt;br /&gt;
		if s ~= &amp;#039;&amp;#039; then s = s .. &amp;#039; &amp;#039; end&lt;br /&gt;
		local group_num = math.floor((#num - 1) / 3)&lt;br /&gt;
		local group = groups[group_num]&lt;br /&gt;
		local group_digits = #num - group_num*3&lt;br /&gt;
		s = s .. numeral_to_english_less_1000(num:sub(1, group_digits), false, false, false, zero) .. &amp;#039; &amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
		if links and (((links == &amp;#039;on&amp;#039; and group_num &amp;gt;= 3) or links:find(group)) and group_num &amp;lt;= 13) then&lt;br /&gt;
			s = s .. &amp;#039;[[Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#10&amp;#039; .. group_num*3 .. &amp;#039;|&amp;#039; .. group .. &amp;#039;]]&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
		else&lt;br /&gt;
			s = s .. group&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
		num = num:sub(1 + group_digits)&lt;br /&gt;
		num = num:gsub(&amp;quot;^0*&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;&amp;quot;)  -- Trim leading zeros&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	-- Handle final three digits of integer part&lt;br /&gt;
	if s ~= &amp;#039;&amp;#039; and num ~= &amp;#039;&amp;#039; then&lt;br /&gt;
		if #num &amp;lt;= 2 and use_and then&lt;br /&gt;
			s = s .. &amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
		else&lt;br /&gt;
			s = s .. &amp;#039; &amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
	if s == &amp;#039;&amp;#039; or num ~= &amp;#039;&amp;#039; then&lt;br /&gt;
		s = s .. numeral_to_english_less_1000(num, use_and, ordinal, plural, zero)&lt;br /&gt;
	elseif ordinal or plural then&lt;br /&gt;
		-- Round numbers like &amp;quot;one million&amp;quot; take standard suffixes for ordinal/plural&lt;br /&gt;
		s = s .. standard_suffix(ordinal, plural)&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	-- For decimal places (if any) output &amp;quot;point&amp;quot; followed by spelling out digit by digit&lt;br /&gt;
	if decimal_places then&lt;br /&gt;
		s = s .. &amp;#039; point&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
		for i = 1, #decimal_places do&lt;br /&gt;
			s = s .. &amp;#039; &amp;#039; .. ones_position[tonumber(decimal_places:sub(i,i))]&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	s = s:gsub(&amp;quot;^%s*(.-)%s*$&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;%1&amp;quot;)   -- Trim whitespace&lt;br /&gt;
	if ordinal and plural then s = s .. &amp;#039;s&amp;#039; end  -- s suffix works for all ordinals&lt;br /&gt;
	if negative and s ~= zero then s = negative_word .. &amp;#039; &amp;#039; .. s end&lt;br /&gt;
	s = s:gsub(&amp;quot;negative zero&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;zero&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
	s = s .. fraction_text&lt;br /&gt;
	if hyphenate then s = s:gsub(&amp;quot;%s&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;-&amp;quot;) end&lt;br /&gt;
	if capitalize then s = s:gsub(&amp;quot;^%l&amp;quot;, string.upper) end&lt;br /&gt;
	return s&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
local function _numeral_to_english2(args)&lt;br /&gt;
	local num = tostring(args.num)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	num = num:gsub(&amp;quot;^%s*(.-)%s*$&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;%1&amp;quot;)   -- Trim whitespace&lt;br /&gt;
	num = num:gsub(&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;&amp;quot;)   -- Remove commas&lt;br /&gt;
	num = num:gsub(&amp;quot;^&amp;lt;span[^&amp;lt;&amp;gt;]*&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;&amp;quot;) -- Generated by Template:age&lt;br /&gt;
	if num ~= &amp;#039;&amp;#039; then  -- a fraction may have an empty whole number&lt;br /&gt;
		if not num:find(&amp;quot;^%-?%d*%.?%d*%-?[Ee]?[+%-]?%d*$&amp;quot;) then&lt;br /&gt;
			-- Input not in a valid format, try to eval it as an expr to see&lt;br /&gt;
			-- if that produces a number (e.g. &amp;quot;3 + 5&amp;quot; will become &amp;quot;8&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
			local noerr, result = pcall(mw.ext.ParserFunctions.expr, num)&lt;br /&gt;
			if noerr then&lt;br /&gt;
				num = result&lt;br /&gt;
			end&lt;br /&gt;
		end&lt;br /&gt;
	end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	-- Call helper function passing args&lt;br /&gt;
	return _numeral_to_english(&lt;br /&gt;
		num,&lt;br /&gt;
		args[&amp;#039;numerator&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		args[&amp;#039;denominator&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		args[&amp;#039;capitalize&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		args[&amp;#039;use_and&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		args[&amp;#039;hyphenate&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		args[&amp;#039;ordinal&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		args[&amp;#039;plural&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		args[&amp;#039;links&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		args[&amp;#039;negative_word&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		args[&amp;#039;round&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		args[&amp;#039;zero&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		args[&amp;#039;use_one&amp;#039;]&lt;br /&gt;
	) or &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
local p = {  -- Functions that can be called from another module&lt;br /&gt;
	roman_to_numeral = roman_to_numeral,&lt;br /&gt;
	spell_number = _numeral_to_english,&lt;br /&gt;
	spell_number2 = _numeral_to_english2,&lt;br /&gt;
	english_to_ordinal = english_to_ordinal,&lt;br /&gt;
	english_to_numeral = english_to_numeral,&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
function p._roman_to_numeral(frame) -- Callable via {{#invoke:ConvertNumeric|_roman_to_numeral|VI}}&lt;br /&gt;
	return roman_to_numeral(frame.args[1])&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
function p._english_to_ordinal(frame) -- callable via {{#invoke:ConvertNumeric|_english_to_ordinal|First}}&lt;br /&gt;
	return english_to_ordinal(frame.args[1])&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
function p._english_to_numeral(frame) -- callable via {{#invoke:ConvertNumeric|_english_to_numeral|One}}&lt;br /&gt;
	return english_to_numeral(frame.args[1])&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
function p.numeral_to_english(frame)&lt;br /&gt;
	local args = frame.args&lt;br /&gt;
	-- Tail call to helper function passing args from frame&lt;br /&gt;
	return _numeral_to_english2{&lt;br /&gt;
		[&amp;#039;num&amp;#039;] = args[1],&lt;br /&gt;
		[&amp;#039;numerator&amp;#039;] = args[&amp;#039;numerator&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		[&amp;#039;denominator&amp;#039;] = args[&amp;#039;denominator&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		[&amp;#039;capitalize&amp;#039;] = args[&amp;#039;case&amp;#039;] == &amp;#039;U&amp;#039; or args[&amp;#039;case&amp;#039;] == &amp;#039;u&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
		[&amp;#039;use_and&amp;#039;] = args[&amp;#039;sp&amp;#039;] ~= &amp;#039;us&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
		[&amp;#039;hyphenate&amp;#039;] = args[&amp;#039;adj&amp;#039;] == &amp;#039;on&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
		[&amp;#039;ordinal&amp;#039;] = args[&amp;#039;ord&amp;#039;] == &amp;#039;on&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
		[&amp;#039;plural&amp;#039;] = args[&amp;#039;pl&amp;#039;] == &amp;#039;on&amp;#039;,&lt;br /&gt;
		[&amp;#039;links&amp;#039;] = args[&amp;#039;lk&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		[&amp;#039;negative_word&amp;#039;] = args[&amp;#039;negative&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		[&amp;#039;round&amp;#039;] = args[&amp;#039;round&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		[&amp;#039;zero&amp;#039;] = args[&amp;#039;zero&amp;#039;],&lt;br /&gt;
		[&amp;#039;use_one&amp;#039;] = args[&amp;#039;one&amp;#039;] == &amp;#039;one&amp;#039;  -- experiment: using &amp;#039;|one=one&amp;#039; makes fraction 2+1/2 give &amp;quot;two and one-half&amp;quot; instead of &amp;quot;two and a half&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
	}&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
---- recursive function for p.decToHex&lt;br /&gt;
local function decToHexDigit(dec)&lt;br /&gt;
	local dig = {&amp;quot;0&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;5&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;6&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;7&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;8&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;9&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;A&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;B&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;C&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;D&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;E&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;F&amp;quot;}&lt;br /&gt;
	local div = math.floor(dec/16)&lt;br /&gt;
	local mod = dec-(16*div)&lt;br /&gt;
	if div &amp;gt;= 1 then return decToHexDigit(div)..dig[mod+1] else return dig[mod+1] end&lt;br /&gt;
end -- I think this is supposed to be done with a tail call but first I want something that works at all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
---- finds all the decimal numbers in the input text and hexes each of them&lt;br /&gt;
function p.decToHex(frame)&lt;br /&gt;
	local args=frame.args&lt;br /&gt;
	local parent=frame.getParent(frame)&lt;br /&gt;
	local pargs={}&lt;br /&gt;
	if parent then pargs=parent.args end&lt;br /&gt;
	local text=args[1] or pargs[1] or &amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
	local minlength=args.minlength or pargs.minlength or 1&lt;br /&gt;
	minlength=tonumber(minlength)&lt;br /&gt;
	local prowl=mw.ustring.gmatch(text,&amp;quot;(.-)(%d+)&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
	local output=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
	repeat&lt;br /&gt;
		local chaff,dec=prowl()&lt;br /&gt;
		if not(dec) then break end&lt;br /&gt;
		local hex=decToHexDigit(dec)&lt;br /&gt;
		while (mw.ustring.len(hex)&amp;lt;minlength) do hex=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot;..hex end&lt;br /&gt;
		output=output..chaff..hex&lt;br /&gt;
	until false&lt;br /&gt;
	local chaff=mw.ustring.match(text,&amp;quot;(%D+)$&amp;quot;) or &amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
	return output..chaff&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
return p&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>&gt;Johnuniq</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>