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	<id>https://the-democratika.com/wiki/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Template%3AInfobox_copper</id>
	<title>Template:Infobox copper - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-04-04T15:36:21Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://the-democratika.com/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_copper&amp;diff=3969&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>&gt;MadeOfAtoms: update thermal expansion</title>
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		<updated>2024-04-24T09:23:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;update thermal expansion&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox element&lt;br /&gt;
|name   =copper&lt;br /&gt;
|symbol =Cu&lt;br /&gt;
|Z      =29&lt;br /&gt;
|number =29&lt;br /&gt;
|abundance=&lt;br /&gt;
|abundance in earth&amp;#039;s crust=&lt;br /&gt;
|abundance in oceans=&lt;br /&gt;
|abundance in solar system=&lt;br /&gt;
|left=[[nickel]]&lt;br /&gt;
|right=[[zinc]]&lt;br /&gt;
|above=–&lt;br /&gt;
|below=[[Silver|Ag]]&lt;br /&gt;
|appearance=Red-orange metallic luster&lt;br /&gt;
|image name=NatCopper.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 1&lt;br /&gt;
|phase=&lt;br /&gt;
|phase comment=&lt;br /&gt;
|density=8.935&amp;amp;nbsp;g/cm&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;thinsp;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Arblaster 2018&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|density conditions=(at&amp;amp;nbsp;20°&amp;amp;nbsp;C)&lt;br /&gt;
|density gplstp=&lt;br /&gt;
|density gpcm3nrt=&lt;br /&gt;
|density gpcm3nrt 2=&lt;br /&gt;
|density gpcm3mp=8.02&lt;br /&gt;
|melting point K=1357.77&lt;br /&gt;
|melting point C=1084.62&lt;br /&gt;
|melting point F=1984.32&lt;br /&gt;
|boiling point K=2835&lt;br /&gt;
|boiling point C=2562&lt;br /&gt;
|boiling point F=4643&lt;br /&gt;
|triple point K=&lt;br /&gt;
|triple point kPa=&lt;br /&gt;
|critical point K=&lt;br /&gt;
|critical point MPa=&lt;br /&gt;
|heat fusion=13.26&lt;br /&gt;
|heat fusion 2=&lt;br /&gt;
|heat vaporization=300.4&lt;br /&gt;
|heat capacity=24.440&lt;br /&gt;
|vapor pressure 1=1509&lt;br /&gt;
|vapor pressure 10=1661&lt;br /&gt;
|vapor pressure 100=1850&lt;br /&gt;
|vapor pressure 1 k=2089&lt;br /&gt;
|vapor pressure 10 k=2404&lt;br /&gt;
|vapor pressure 100 k=2834&lt;br /&gt;
|vapor pressure comment=&lt;br /&gt;
|crystal structure=face-centered cubic&lt;br /&gt;
|crystal structure Pearson symbol=cF4&lt;br /&gt;
|lattice constant=&amp;#039;&amp;#039;a&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;=&amp;amp;nbsp;361.50&amp;amp;nbsp;pm (at&amp;amp;nbsp;20&amp;amp;nbsp;°C)&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Arblaster 2018&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last=Arblaster |first= John W. |title=Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements |publisher=ASM International |publication-place=Materials Park, Ohio |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-62708-155-9}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|crystal structure comment=&lt;br /&gt;
|electronegativity=1.90&lt;br /&gt;
|number of ionization energies=4&lt;br /&gt;
|ionization energy 1=745.5&lt;br /&gt;
|ionization energy 2=1957.9&lt;br /&gt;
|ionization energy 3=3555&lt;br /&gt;
|atomic radius=128&lt;br /&gt;
|atomic radius calculated=&lt;br /&gt;
|covalent radius=132±4&lt;br /&gt;
|Van der Waals radius=140&lt;br /&gt;
|magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetism|diamagnetic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|magnetic ordering ref=&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |url=http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf|chapter=Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds| editor = Lide, D. R. | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 86th | location = Boca Raton (FL) | publisher = CRC Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-8493-0486-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf|archive-date=2011-03-03}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|electrical resistivity unit prefix=n&lt;br /&gt;
|electrical resistivity at 0=&lt;br /&gt;
|electrical resistivity at 20=16.78&lt;br /&gt;
|thermal conductivity=401&lt;br /&gt;
|thermal conductivity 2=&lt;br /&gt;
|thermal diffusivity=&lt;br /&gt;
|thermal expansion=&amp;lt;!-- see thermal expansion comment --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|thermal expansion comment={{val|16.64|e=−6}}/K (at&amp;amp;nbsp;20&amp;amp;nbsp;°C)&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Arblaster 2018&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|thermal expansion at 25=&lt;br /&gt;
|speed of sound=&lt;br /&gt;
|speed of sound rod at 20=&lt;br /&gt;
|speed of sound rod at r.t.=(annealed)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;3810&lt;br /&gt;
|magnetic susceptibility= {{val|−5.46|e=−6}}&lt;br /&gt;
|magnetic susceptibility ref= &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|title=CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|last=Weast|first=Robert|publisher=Chemical Rubber Company Publishing|year=1984|isbn=0-8493-0464-4|location=Boca Raton, Florida|pages=E110}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|Young&amp;#039;s modulus=110–128&lt;br /&gt;
|Shear modulus=48&lt;br /&gt;
|Bulk modulus=140&lt;br /&gt;
|Poisson ratio=0.34&lt;br /&gt;
|Mohs hardness=3.0&lt;br /&gt;
|Vickers hardness=343–369&lt;br /&gt;
|Brinell hardness=235–878&lt;br /&gt;
|Brinell hardness comment=&lt;br /&gt;
|CAS number=7440-50-8&lt;br /&gt;
|naming=after [[Cyprus]], principal mining place in Roman era ({{lang|la|Cyprium}})&lt;br /&gt;
|discovered by=[[Middle East]]&lt;br /&gt;
|discovery date=[[9000 BC]]&lt;br /&gt;
|QID=Q753&lt;br /&gt;
}}&amp;lt;!--&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox element/element navigation|symbol=Cu}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Template reference list}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{documentation|1=Template:Infobox element/doc}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>&gt;MadeOfAtoms</name></author>
	</entry>
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