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Template:Infobox germanium - Revision history
2026-04-04T19:06:02Z
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>BIG DADDY Dunkleosteus at 03:13, 27 February 2025
2025-02-27T03:13:16Z
<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{infobox element<br />
|symbol =Ge<br />
|Z =32<br />
|number =32<br />
|name =germanium<br />
|abundance=<br />
|abundance in earth's crust=<br />
|abundance in oceans=<br />
|abundance in solar system=<br />
|left=[[gallium]]<br />
|right=[[arsenic]]<br />
|above=[[silicon|Si]]<br />
|below=[[tin|Sn]]<br />
|appearance=grayish-white<br />
|image name=Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg<br />
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 4<br />
|phase=<br />
|density=5.327&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup><ref name="Arblaster 2018" /><br />
|density conditions=(at&nbsp;20°&nbsp;C)<br />
|density gpcm3nrt=<br />
|density gpcm3mp=5.60<br />
|melting point K=1211.40<br />
|melting point C=938.25<br />
|melting point F=1720.85<br />
|boiling point K=3106<br />
|boiling point C=2833<br />
|boiling point F=5131<br />
|heat fusion=36.94<br />
|heat vaporization=334<br />
|heat capacity=23.222<br />
|vapor pressure 1=1644<br />
|vapor pressure 10=1814<br />
|vapor pressure 100=2023<br />
|vapor pressure 1 k=2287<br />
|vapor pressure 10 k=2633<br />
|vapor pressure 100 k=3104<br />
|vapor pressure comment=<br />
|crystal structure=diamond cubic<br />
|crystal structure Pearson symbol=cF8<br />
|lattice constant=''a''&nbsp;=&nbsp;565.774&nbsp;pm (at&nbsp;20&nbsp;°C)<ref name="Arblaster 2018">{{cite book |last=Arblaster |first= John W. |title=Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements |publisher=ASM International |publication-place=Materials Park, Ohio |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-62708-155-9}}</ref><br />
|electronegativity=2.01<br />
|number of ionization energies=3<br />
|ionization energy 1=762<br />
|ionization energy 2=1537.5<br />
|ionization energy 3=3302.1<br />
|atomic radius=122<br />
|covalent radius=122<br />
|Van der Waals radius=211<br />
|magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetic]]<br />
|magnetic ordering ref=<ref>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.</ref><br />
|electrical resistivity at 20=1<br />
|thermal conductivity=60.2<br />
|thermal expansion=<!-- see thermal expansion comment --><br />
|thermal expansion comment={{val|5.79|e=−6}}/K (at&nbsp;20&nbsp;°C)<ref name="Arblaster 2018" /><br />
|speed of sound rod at 20=5400<br />
|magnetic susceptibility= {{val|−76.84|e=−6}}<br />
|magnetic susceptibility ref= <ref>{{Cite book|title=CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|last=Weast|first=Robert|publisher=Chemical Rubber Company Publishing|year=1984|isbn=0-8493-0464-4|location=Boca Raton, Florida|pages=E110}}</ref><br />
|Young's modulus=103<br />
|Young's modulus ref=<ref name=ioffe>{{cite news|url=http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/Ge|title=Properties of Germanium|publisher=[[Ioffe Institute]]}}</ref><br />
|Shear modulus=41<br />
|Shear modulus ref=<ref name=ioffe/><br />
|Bulk modulus=75<br />
|Bulk modulus ref=<ref name=ioffe/><br />
|Poisson ratio=0.26<br />
|Poisson ratio ref=<ref name=ioffe/><br />
|Mohs hardness=6.0<br />
|Vickers hardness=<br />
|Brinell hardness=<br />
|CAS number=7440-56-4<br />
|band gap=0.67<br />
|naming=after [[German Empire|Germany]], homeland of the discoverer<br />
|predicted by=[[Dmitri Mendeleev]]<br />
|prediction date=1869<br />
|discovered by=[[Clemens Winkler]]<br />
|discovery date=1886<br />
|QID=Q867<br />
}}<!-- <br />
<br />
--><noinclude><br />
{{Infobox element/element navigation|symbol=Ge}}<br />
{{Template reference list}}<br />
{{documentation|1=Template:Infobox element/doc}}<br />
</noinclude></div>
>BIG DADDY Dunkleosteus